2024 Spine and leaf architecture

The Two-Tier architecture addresses modernizing the physical network. -By Guy Cyford Modern applications require a modern data center infrastructure, and Two-Tier, spine-leaf architectures offers .... Restaurants in boardman

Sep 11, 2018 · The primary reason for this is that a leaf-spine architecture is fully-meshed as opposed to three-tier models that are only partially meshed. While many may think that a fully-meshed architecture creates far too many physical interconnects to manage, large 25, 40- and 100-Gbps Ethernet links considerably reduce the number of physical ports ... Collapsed Spine with EVPN Multihoming Architecture Overview. This NCE shows how to deploy a collapsed spine architecture for two data centers that each have two QFX5120 spine switches and two Layer 2 ToR switches deployed as a Virtual Chassis. The data centers are connected to each other through the spine devices with Layer 3 Data Center ...Feb 15, 2561 BE ... ... architecture, called spine leaf. This may also be known as a #fabric, or a clos network. The spine layer is used for transport. The leaves ...A spine-leaf architecture is a data center network topology that consists of two switching layers—a spine and a leaf. The leaf layer comprises access switches that aggregate server traffic and connect directly to the spine or network core. Spine switches interconnect all leaf switches in a full-mesh topology.An approach to determining the patch cord length of the central data center crosses with spine-leaf architecture, which is based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed. The possibility of its ...The modules also correspond to different physical locations within the network. Each of the modules and their sub-modules follow other architecture models in their design. For instance, Remote Data Center sub-module of the Enterprise Remote Locations module, might follow the Spine-Leaf Network Design.Suggested Answer: C 🗳️ Spine-leaf architecture is typically deployed as two layers: spines (such as an aggregation layer), and leaves (such as an access layer). Spine-leaf topologies provide high-bandwidth, low-latency, nonblocking server-to-server connectivity. Leaf (aggregation) switches are what provide devices access to the fabric (the network of …The disadvantage is that pure L3 spine/leaf doesn't allow for vMotion/Live Migration, since each leaf/leaf pair is a separate L3 network. You can add an overlay, such as something based on VXLAN (ACI, NSX, etc.) but it adds complexity. Pure L3 leaf spine is pretty simple, but an overlay adds some complexity. 48.A spine-leaf (also called Fat Tree) architecture is data center network topology that consists of two switching layers—a spine and leaf. The leaf layer consists of access switches that aggregate ...The primary reason for this is that a leaf-spine architecture is fully-meshed as opposed to three-tier models that are only partially meshed. While many may think that a fully-meshed architecture creates far too many physical interconnects to manage, large 25, 40- and 100-Gbps Ethernet links considerably reduce the number of physical ports … Collapsed Spine with EVPN Multihoming Architecture Overview. This NCE shows how to deploy a collapsed spine architecture for two data centers that each have two QFX5120 spine switches and two Layer 2 ToR switches deployed as a Virtual Chassis. The data centers are connected to each other through the spine devices with Layer 3 Data Center ... The intention of this guide is to provide a systematic and well thought out series of steps to assist the reader with the design and deployment of a Layer 2 Leaf and Spine (L2LS) topology. The example deployment is based on a design which meets a set of prede ned requirements as listed in the System Requirements section of this guide.Spine and Leaf - 3 Stage Clos. The Clos architecture is not only useful within the voice exchanges of the past. Clos can be used for data networking too, in fact, Clos …Build a spine-leaf with NetEdit. Provides guidance on deploying a spine-leaf VXLAN/EVPN fabric with NetEdit. NetEdit empowers IT teams to orchestrate multiple switch configurations with intelligent capabilities including search, edit, validation, deployment and audit. Read about NetEdit . Deploy a Spine-Leaf Fabric. Demonstrates how to deploy and validate a …Usability Enhancements. Leaf and spine architecture is a computer networking design that supports higher scalability and flexibility for enterprise data centers and other large, distributed systems. Its hierarchical design is similar to the physical layout of a tree, with many “leaves” connected to a single “spine” in the center.Leaf/spine architectures have exploded in popularity within data centers and enterprise campus networks. In this course, Cisco Advanced Routing: Leaf/Spine Data Centers, you’ll learn to design, configure, and manage a multi-site data center interconnected via layer-3 links. First, you’ll expand your OSPF knowledge by learning …With its fully meshed connectivity approach, spine-and-leaf architecture provided us the predictable high-speed network performance we were craving and also the reliability within our network switch fabric. Along with its advantages, spine-and-leaf architecture presents challenges in terms of structured cabling. In this article we will examine how to build and …This document provides examples for using Dell EMC Networking switches at both the leaf and spine layers and examples with Cisco Nexus switches at the spine layer. The objective of these instructions is to enable a network administrator or engineer with traditional networking experience to deploy a layer 2 or layer 3 leaf-spine architecture …The spine-leaf architecture is a Data Center solution that uses a loop-free L2 protocol that “routes” and support ECMP, such as TRILL or FABRIC-PATH. This allows for more than 2 “spines” for added resilience and performance. The 2 tier topology generally uses Spanning-Tree to block any layer 2 loops. It also will only use 2 Multi-Layer ...Collapsed Spine with EVPN Multihoming Architecture Overview. This NCE shows how to deploy a collapsed spine architecture for two data centers that each have two QFX5120 spine switches and two Layer 2 ToR switches deployed as a Virtual Chassis. The data centers are connected to each other through the spine devices with Layer 3 Data Center ...The advantages of leaf-spine. Leaf-spine topologies are now the de facto standard --it's difficult to find a design other than leaf-spine among vendors' various Ethernet fabric designs. There are good reasons for this --leaf-spine has several desirable characteristics that play into the hands of network designers who need to optimize east … Red Hat OpenStack Platform has a composable network architecture that you can use to adapt your networking to the routed spine-leaf data center topology. In a practical application of routed spine-leaf, a leaf is represented as a composable Compute or Storage role usually in a data center rack, as shown in Figure 1.1, “Routed spine-leaf ... He wants a spine/leaf architecture. The easiest way would be to use ACI but he doesn't want it (and it won't happen). So, I need to build a spine/leaf architecture manually as underlay. All links between spine and leaf must be active. In my past, I did this with a FabricPath setup with L3 at spine.A spine and leaf network topology (also known as leaf-spine network) is a two-tier design that is intended to overcome the limitations of the traditional three-tier network architecture and provide improved performance.. The traditional three-tier network topology includes access switches, aggregation routers (sometimes referred to as the distribution layer), …The Layer 2 Leaf and Spine (L2LS) topology is the foundation of Arista’s Universal Cloud Network Architecture. At a high level, the Layer 2 Leaf Spine (L2LS) is a 2-Tier topology comprised of spine and leaf switches. This simple design, when coupled with theGNS3 2.0 Architecture and schema Part 2 Emulators and virtualization (7:56) Version 2.0 updates Upgrade to version 2.0 (16:16) ... Spine and Leaf (0:34) Start up and connect (1:03) Switch port configuration (4:24) Bridge configuration (5:30) …The spine and leaf architecture describes the way in which the switches are interconnected. It is primarily a physical layer architecture. The distinguishing feature, …The intention of this guide is to provide a systematic and well thought out series of steps to assist the reader with the design and deployment of a Layer 2 Leaf and Spine (L2LS) topology. The example deployment is based on a design which meets a set of prede ned requirements as listed in the System Requirements section of this guide.Leaf-Spine Deployment and Best Practices Guide . Deploying leaf-spine networks in the data center with Dell EMC Networking and Cisco Nexus multilayer switches . Dell EMC …Spine and Leaf Architecture is a two-layer, full-mesh topology composed of a leaf layer and a spine layer, with the leaf and spine switches. It was originally implemented in …Data Fabrics (previously called as Leaf-Spine Fabrics) Management Fabrics provide L2 Spine-Leaf workflows with the Aruba 6300 switch family. The Data Fabrics consists of the following: Leaf switches: Each rack contains two leaf switches. These switches contain access ports that connect to servers, firewalls, load balancers, and edge routers within …Fat-tree switch fabrics also referred to as leaf spine architecture or 2-tier leaf spine architecture is one of the most common switch fabrics being deployed in today’s data center. The spine and leaf …Apr 9, 2023 · A spine and leaf architecture is a type of computer network architecture that uses a spine, which is a central core switch, to connect a number of Leaf switches. The Leaf switches are typically connected to the end user devices, such as PCs and servers. The spine and leaf architecture is used in a number of different types of networks ... A door leaf is a single, independently moving panel of a door. The single-leaf door is the most common variety of door. It features a single panel that fills an entire doorway spac...Below is an overview of the differences between the collapsed core and the three-tier network architectures: Collapsed Core. Three-tier. 2 layers. 3 layers. Core and Distribution functions combined. Core and Distribution layers are separate functions. Small and medium-sized networks. Large campus networks.A spine-leaf architecture is a data center network topology that consists of two switching layers—a spine and a leaf. The leaf layer comprises access switches that aggregate server traffic and connect directly to the spine or network core. Spine switches interconnect all leaf switches in a full-mesh topology.Share your videos with friends, family, and the worldTopology—Spine and Leaf Architecture If we subject a network topology design to the universality theorem (for a given number of switches, the most optimal network e xists), we quickly conclude that existing network designs, which are optimize d for transporting data into and out of a data center, are no t the mostIn a spine leaf architecture, you can change these mappings so that each Leaf routes traffic through the specific bridge or VLAN on that Leaf, which is often the case with edge computing scenarios. Procedure. Create a file called spine-leaf-separate.yaml and edit the file. Create a parameter_defaults section in the spine-leaf-separate.yaml file and include …Leaf-spine architecture transforms a traditional data center into one that can handle omnidirectional traffic. It overcomes the limitations of the traditional traffic … For example, leaf 1 to spine 1 and spine 1 to leaf 10. Since an entire spine layer is built in a redundant fashion (in case of a spine or leaf switch failure), alternative paths and resources can be utilized automatically. The basic rules of building spine-and-leaf networks are as follows: · The main building blocks are network leaf switches ... Spine and Leaf is a two-layer network topology composed of leaf switches and spine switches. Servers, storage, computers connect to leaf switches and leaf switches connect to spine switches. Leaf switches mesh into the spine, forming the access layer that delivers network connection points. Typical use case include collapsed core installations ... In modern architecture, like in a spine and leaf topology similar to that in the lesson, STP is generally still used. If you employ something like VXLANs however, you eliminate the need for a loop prevention mechanism altogether because VXLANs by design, build a loop-free topology. The following Cisco blog post is quite enlightening when it …Spine and leaf switches are the two main components of the leaf-spine architecture in data center. Spine switches can be regarded as core switches in a leaf-spine network architecture. But the difference is that the 100G switches with high port density are sufficient for spine switches. Leaf switches are equivalent to access layer …The theme in the story “The Last Leaf” is one of friendship, pessimism and optimism and the power of hope. “The Last Leaf” was written by William Sydney Porter and published under ...ACI Topologies and Components. Like many other current data center fabrics, ACI fabrics conform to a Clos-based leaf-and-spine topology. In ACI, leaf and spine switches are each responsible for different functions. Together, they create an architecture that is highly standardized across deployments.Cabling to Support Leaf-Spine Architecture. With the shift to a leaf-spine architecture, the overall design of the cabling infrastructure is also experiencing a shift: Many large data centers are transitioning to EoR (end-of-row) deployments and structured cabling. In this design, switches are placed in a cabinet and connected to servers across an entire row …Purple leaf umbrellas are popular for their vibrant color and stylish design. However, like any other umbrella, they can encounter certain issues with their parts over time. In thi...Learn key concepts and terms in data center network architecture and protocols involved in traditional and new spine leaf architecture from STP, VXLAN, VTEPs...Leaf-Spine Deployment and Best Practices Guide . Deploying leaf-spine networks in the data center with Dell EMC Networking and Cisco Nexus multilayer switches . Dell EMC …02-16-2023 12:20 AM. Seems like it has been posted to the wrong forum. I will re-post it in the proper forum. Can we implement Spine-Leaf architecture using Nexus N9K-93180YC-FX switches as both Spine and Leaf? And is it possible to have the Spine-Leaf architecture without having ACI, with the switches working on NX-OS mode?Sometimes that pain in your neck is more than an annoyance. It may be a condition called spinal stenosis, and it can cause physical symptoms that make it difficult to enjoy your re...Spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the spaces in the spine. This condition compresses the nerves that sit close to the spine, which typically occurs in the lower back or neck. Thi...The IP underlay network building block is arranged in a Clos-based fabric topology. The underlay network uses EBGP as the routing protocol in place of a traditional IGP like OSPF. You can use other routing protocols in the underlay protocol in your data center; the usage of those routing protocols is beyond the scope of this document.As of 2015, the average cost of gutters with leaf guards is about $20 to $30 per foot with professional installation. This averages out to be about $3,000 to $5,000 for the average... This white paper covers background and definitions of Clos-based spine-and-leaf IP fabrics; contrasts scale-out and scale-up designs, including the use of chassis devices in spine-and-leaf fabrics; explains scaling steps and why there are size constraints on spine-and-leaf fabrics, and describes two basic scaling considerations: contention and ... The advantages of leaf-spine. Leaf-spine topologies are now the de facto standard --it's difficult to find a design other than leaf-spine among vendors' various Ethernet fabric designs. There are good reasons for this --leaf-spine has several desirable characteristics that play into the hands of network designers who need to optimize east … The Leaf-and-Spine architecture (also known as a Clos Network) is a specific design used within data centers, and it’s an integral part of Cisco’s Data Center networking solutions. Due to its non-blocking design, the architecture offers high levels of redundancy, scalability, and predictable latency. Leaf switches: These are the access ... The Spine-leaf Architecture vs Traditional Architecture: Three-Tier . The key differentiation between spine-leaf architecture and the 3-tier architecture is rooted in the number of network layers and the orientation of traffic flow—whether it's north-south or east-west. In the conventional three-tier network architecture, illustrated below, three …In modern architecture, like in a spine and leaf topology similar to that in the lesson, STP is generally still used. If you employ something like VXLANs however, you eliminate the need for a loop prevention mechanism altogether because VXLANs by design, build a loop-free topology. The following Cisco blog post is quite enlightening when it …Learn about the spine and leaf network architecture, a scalable and flexible design for data centers, in this video tutorial for the CCNA 200-301 exam. You will see how this architecture improves ... The Spine and Leaf architecture provides a fast and efficient communication between the devices in a Data Center. All routes are configured in an active state through the use of Equal Cost Multipathing (ECMP). Advantages and Disadvantages of Spine and Leaf architecture. The main advantage of Spine Leaf architecture is the data flow speed increased. Spine-and-Leaf architecture meets this need by enabling direct interactions between devices, which helps manage network traffic by providing direct paths for communication, thereby reducing the possibility of bottlenecks. Unleashing High Bandwidth Capacity. Another defining characteristic of Spine-and-Leaf architecture lies in its high …Apr 1, 2017 · In a spine-and-leaf network fabric, leaf switches control the flow of traffic between servers and spine switches forward traffic along optimal paths between leaf switches. An architecture known as 16-way spine can scale to support more than 100,000, 10-Gbit Ethernet hosts. The spine-and-leaf architecture (a very unusual name for a technology concept in the IT industry) solves the scalability and performance demand limitations on …Cisco Nexus 9364C Switch. The Cisco Nexus 9332C is a compact form-factor 1-Rack-Unit (1RU) spine switch that supports 6.4 Tbps of bandwidth and 4.4bpps across 32 fixed 40/100G QSFP28 ports and 2 fixed 1/10G SFP+ ports (Figure 2). Breakout cables are not supported. The last 8 ports marked in green are capable of wire-rate …An approach to determining the patch cord length of the central data center crosses with spine-leaf architecture, which is based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed. The possibility of its ...Next, you’ll discover the leaf and spine architecture, the VXLAN overlay, Bridge Domains, and Endpoint Groups along with their new functions. Finally, you’ll learn how to extend and integrate the Cisco ACI. When you’re finished with this course, you’ll have the skills and knowledge of the Cisco ACI needed to design and architect its new …When it comes to outdoor umbrellas, Purple Leaf is a well-known and trusted brand. Their umbrellas are not only stylish and durable but also come with a wide range of parts that en...May 19, 2021 · The spine-and-leaf architecture (a very unusual name for a technology concept in the IT industry) solves the scalability and performance demand limitations on campus designs by applying a simple architectural approach. VXLAN BGP EVPN encapsulates layer 2 into layer 3 frames, which are transported using the L2VPN EVPN address family identifier ... Spine Leaf architecture, also known as Clos architecture, is a network design approach that offers high bandwidth, low latency, and scalability. It is commonly used in data centers and large-scale enterprise networks. The architecture is based on a two-tier design consisting of spine switches and leaf switches.Sep 19, 2020 · Spine and leaf architecture cisco. Leaf switches mesh into the spine, forming the access layer that delivers network connection points for servers. Each leaf switch connects to every spine switch. As a result, there’s no need for interconnections between spine switches. For example, leaf 1 to spine 1 and spine 1 to leaf 10. Since an entire spine layer is built in a redundant fashion (in case of a spine or leaf switch failure), alternative paths and resources can be utilized automatically. The basic rules of building spine-and-leaf networks are as follows: · The main building blocks are network leaf switches ... For example, leaf 1 to spine 1 and spine 1 to leaf 10. Since an entire spine layer is built in a redundant fashion (in case of a spine or leaf switch failure), alternative paths and resources can be utilized automatically. The basic rules of building spine-and-leaf networks are as follows: · The main building blocks are network leaf switches ... The combination of ToR and leaf-spine has solved some problems that existed in traditional three-tier (access-aggregation-core) topology, such as the “traffic jam” in top-tier switch. In a three-tier network topology, the data traffic will all take a single “best path” that is chosen from a set of alternative paths, until the point that it gets congested …Section - 5: Understanding Network Topology ArchitecturesLesson - 33: Spine & Leaf Network ArchitectureWe are back again with our CCNA Course series and in t...New leaf-spine data center deployments in 2020 evolve around four IEEE approved speeds: 40, 100, 200, and 400GbE. There are different combinations of supported switches per speed. For example, constructing a network of 400GbE leaf-spine connectivity requires the network owner to pick switches and cables that can support those rates.In a spine leaf architecture, you can change these mappings so that each Leaf routes traffic through the specific bridge or VLAN on that Leaf, which is often the case with edge computing scenarios. Procedure. Create a file called spine-leaf-separate.yaml and edit the file. Create a parameter_defaults section in the spine-leaf-separate.yaml file and include …The Arista universal network architecture is optimized for all application types ranging from large cloud to enterprise deployments. The following are a selection of use cases: Collapsed Spline™ Server — access as middle of row or end of row supporting full range of 1G, 10G and 40G connection options; Leaf-SpineLearn about the spine and leaf network architecture, a scalable and flexible design for data centers, in this video tutorial for the CCNA 200-301 exam. You will see how this architecture improves ...Spine switches are connected with all the leaf switches in mesh topology while the leaf switches are connected to the server and connect end users. Spine switches handle layer 3 network traffic whereas leaf switches can handle both layer 2 and layer 3 network traffic. Traditional three-tier architecture has three … See moreThe Arista 7300X3 are modular systems for high density 25/10G and 100/40G with up to 256 ports of 100G available in a choice of two systems. Ideal for building leaf/spine or Spline™ datacenter and campus networks. Models. 7304X, 7308X and 7316X. 7304X and 7308X.The advantages of leaf-spine. Leaf-spine topologies are now the de facto standard --it's difficult to find a design other than leaf-spine among vendors' various Ethernet fabric designs. There are good reasons for this --leaf-spine has several desirable characteristics that play into the hands of network designers who need to optimize east …An alternative to a three-tier framework, a leaf-spine architecture uses multiple access layer leaf switches that connect directly to every spine, providing horizontal scalability without the limitations of a spanning tree. Mellanox Networking with Nutanix 3. Mellanox Networking for Enterprise Cloud | 11 Figure 5: Leaf-Spine Network You can use leaf …The theme in the story “The Last Leaf” is one of friendship, pessimism and optimism and the power of hope. “The Last Leaf” was written by William Sydney Porter and published under ...May 24, 2022 · The spine-leaf architecture consists of only two layers of switches: spine and leaf switches. The spine layer consists of switches that perform routing and work as the core of the network. The leaf layer involves access switches that connect to servers, storage devices, and other end-users. This structure helps data center networks reduce hop ... This document provides examples for using Dell EMC Networking switches at both the leaf and spine layers and examples with Cisco Nexus switches at the spine layer. The objective of these instructions is to enable a network administrator or engineer with traditional networking experience to deploy a layer 2 or layer 3 leaf-spine architecture …An approach to determining the patch cord length of the central data center crosses with spine-leaf architecture, which is based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed. The possibility of its ...In the modern data center, we recommend two-tier spine and leaf architectures, also known as Folded-CLOS. This approach is better suited to meeting the needs of modern applications, such as high-throughput and low-latency. Spine switches are very high-throughput, low-latency and port-dense switches that have direct high-speed (40 …

Spine/Leaf Architecture. Cisco uses a specific physical switch topology called spine and leaf for controller-based networks and data centers. It is also known as CLOS design. The term CLOS has no special meaning. It is the name of the creator of this design. The spine/leaf or CLOS design classifies all switches into two types: spine and …. Good podcast topics

In a spine-and-leaf architecture, each leaf switch is connected to each spine switch. Each leaf-to-spine connection should use the same link speed to ensure multiple equal-cost paths within the fabric. …The disadvantage is that pure L3 spine/leaf doesn't allow for vMotion/Live Migration, since each leaf/leaf pair is a separate L3 network. You can add an overlay, such as something based on VXLAN (ACI, NSX, etc.) but it adds complexity. Pure L3 leaf spine is pretty simple, but an overlay adds some complexity. 48.The primary benefit of a leaf-spine architecture is that it allows data flows to take shortcuts from where data is, to where it is going. Layer 3 data flows within …Spine and leaf switches are the two main components of the leaf-spine architecture in data center. Spine switches can be regarded as core switches in a leaf-spine network architecture. But the difference is that the 100G switches with high port density are sufficient for spine switches. Leaf switches are equivalent to access layer …Spine and Leaf - 3 Stage Clos. The Clos architecture is not only useful within the voice exchanges of the past. Clos can be used for data networking too, in fact, Clos …Each spine and leaf device is assigned its own autonomous system, with a unique 32-bit autonomous system number to support EBGP. While other routing protocols such as OSPF/IS-IS can ... IP Fabric EVPN-VXLAN Reference Architecture Leaf devices establish VTEPs in order to connect to other leaf devices. The tunnels enable the leaf devices to …Leaf-Spine datacenter network architecture. Multiple leaf and spine switches are connected in a full bipartite graph. The edge link speed. (CE ) may be ... Red Hat OpenStack Platform has a composable network architecture that you can use to adapt your networking to the routed spine-leaf data center topology. In a practical application of routed spine-leaf, a leaf is represented as a composable Compute or Storage role usually in a data center rack, as shown in Figure 1.1, "Routed spine-leaf example". When it comes to maintaining a tidy and well-kept yard, having the right tools can make all the difference. One such tool that has gained popularity among homeowners and profession...Please explain the benefit of Spine/leaf architecture over 3 tier architecture. One of the main benefits is the predictable latency between nodes in the fabric. In a spine/leaf topology there are exactly four links separating one end station from any other end station connected to that fabric regardless of where it is connected to the fabric.This architecture, however, differs from leaf-spine in the design of the super-spine layer. As shown in Fig. 1e, this layer is built by four super-spine planes made up of up to 48 super-spine ...Let’s use an example to compare scaling in leaf-spine architecture between 10G and 40G networks. With 40G uplinks, the number of spine switches is fixed at four, based on the leaf having four uplinks. Typically, each spine has a total of four line cards. These line cards come with 36 40G ports per line card. The total number of available ports to connect to … For example, leaf 1 to spine 1 and spine 1 to leaf 10. Since an entire spine layer is built in a redundant fashion (in case of a spine or leaf switch failure), alternative paths and resources can be utilized automatically. The basic rules of building spine-and-leaf networks are as follows: · The main building blocks are network leaf switches ... Spine-Leaf Architecture Explained. A spine-leaf architecture is data center network topology that consists of two switching layers—a spine and leaf. The leaf layer consists of access switches that aggregate traffic from servers and connect directly into the spine or network core. Spine switches interconnect all leaf switches in a full-mesh ...Sep 4, 2557 BE ... Hierarchical designs consist of three network layers: the core, the distribution, and the access.Spine and Leaf design consist of two ...#datacenter #topology #architecture #spine #leaf #networkengineer #security #engineer #ccna #cisco #certification A spine-leaf architecture is data center ne...Section - 5: Understanding Network Topology ArchitecturesLesson - 33: Spine & Leaf Network ArchitectureWe are back again with our CCNA Course series and in t...รู้จัก Spine และ Leaf Switch โดยอาจารย์เกรียงศักดิ์ นามโคตร (Mr.Jodoi)http://www.jodoi.com ....

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