Black hat hackers

Reach out to us for more information. Offensive Security Courses. Our courses are produced to give you a seamless experience and will show you how to engage in critical thinking by overcoming unforeseen obstacles while learning from a Red Team point of view which will involve your creativity and persistence to become a better Ethical Hacker.Baca Juga: Rekomendasi 5 Software Antivirus Gratis Terbaik untuk PC dan Laptop. Itu dia penjelasan mengenai tiga jenis hacker, yaitu kelompok black hat, white hat, dan grey hat. Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hal yang menentukan jenis-jenis hacker tersebut adalah motif yang dimiliki dan cara yang ditempuh untuk mencapainya.Black Hat Bash. Bash Scripting for Hackers and Pentesters. by Dolev Farhi, Nick Aleks. Fall 2024, 336 pp. ISBN-13: 9781718503748. Print Book (PREORDER) and EARLY ACCESS Ebook, $59.99. EARLY ACCESS Ebook, $47.99. Pre-Order.We covered firewall evasion tactics that are needed when conducting a red team engagement. Firewall Evasion tactics encompass using nmap scanner to send modified packets in addition to using networking tools such as Ncat and SSh to perform port forwarding or tunneling. Video is here. Writeup is here. 13.tect the cyber world from the criminal actions of the “evil” black hats (Chiesa et al., 2018). A third catego-ry, gray hats, refer to “morally ambiguous” hackers that refuse to identify with either group (Chiesa et al., 2018). Despite the fact that the hat labels are easy to understand, researchers have argued that they are There are many different types of hackers, the most common of which are black, grey, and white hat hackers. Black hat hackers are the bad guys—the cyber criminals. The white hat or ethical hackers are the good guys, while grey hat hackers are somewhere in the middle. Other common hacker types include blue hat hackers, which are amateur ... Οι όροι black/white/gray hats αφορούν ομάδες των hacker ανάλογα με τις ηθικές τους αρχές. Ο όρος black hats χαρακτηρίζει τα άτομα εκείνα που έχουν υψηλή ειδίκευση στους υπολογιστές, τα οποία όμως ...Feb 6, 2023 · Black Hat hacking refers to the practice of unauthorized access of a computer system with malicious intent. Black hat hackers may be any number of bad actors…. Individuals intending to access another user’s online accounts and data. Organized cybercrime rings that steal personal information such as credit card information, or hold access to ... Tilley hats are renowned for their quality, durability, and timeless style. Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast, a traveler, or simply someone who appreciates a good hat, Tilley h...29 Jul 2023 ... Jul 30, 2023 - A black hat is a term used in the computing and security industries to refer to a person who engages in unethical and ...Baca Juga: Rekomendasi 5 Software Antivirus Gratis Terbaik untuk PC dan Laptop. Itu dia penjelasan mengenai tiga jenis hacker, yaitu kelompok black hat, white hat, dan grey hat. Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hal yang menentukan jenis-jenis hacker tersebut adalah motif yang dimiliki dan cara yang ditempuh untuk mencapainya.14 Jul 2022 ... White hat hackers—also known as good hackers and ethical hackers—have the opposite intentions of black hat hackers. While black hats are ...A black hat hacker refers to an individual with exceptional computer skills who uses their expertise for malicious purposes. Unlike ethical hackers, also known as white hat …March 2nd, 2022. There is a perception that black hat hackers are inherently criminal and unethical. However, there is a thin line between white and black hat hacking. And what constitutes as “black hat” behavior is subjective.Some would say that any hacker who uses their skills to break into networks or steal information without the owner’s consent is a black hat …A Black Hat hacker is a criminal who breaks into computer networks with malicious intent and releases malware that destroys files, holds …A follow-up to the perennial best-seller Gray Hat Python (2011), the all-new Black Hat Python explores the darker side of Python's capabilities - writing network sniffers, manipulating packets, web hacking, infecting virtual machines, creating stealthy trojans, extending the popular web hacking tool Burp Suite, and more.Hiring a hacker can give insight into a company’s security infrastructure, keeping it safe from threats. Blackhat hackers are knowledge-driven. They stay up-to-date on tech trends, outsmarting hackers and security pros alike. They think beyond the box and spot attack vectors that traditional security measures miss.Dec 21, 2014 · If you want to learn how to use Python to hack like a pro, you need this book. Black Hat Python: Python Programming for Hackers and Pentesters is the first edition of the classic guide that teaches you how to create powerful and stealthy Python tools for penetration testing, forensics, and more. You'll learn how to exploit networks, manipulate data, and bypass security defenses using Python ... Learn the basics of hacking and the different types of hackers, including black hat hackers who break into computer systems for malicious purposes. Find out … The Black Hat Approach to Hacking is a Computer skilled professional course where you learn all the basics of ethical hacking and countermeasures respectively. Learn the fundamentals of Ethical Hacking by enrolling in the Black Hat Approach to Hacking course. It helps you fully comprehend the technique by touching upon each and every concept in ... Crochet hats are not only a practical accessory to keep you warm during the colder months, but they can also add a touch of style to any outfit. Whether you’re an experienced croch...Knitting is not only a relaxing and creative hobby, but it also allows you to create stylish and warm accessories for the colder seasons. If you’re looking to keep cozy this winter...In today’s digital age, protecting your online presence is of utmost importance. With the increasing reliance on technology, our personal and professional lives are becoming more i...Welcome, Lifehackers, to our next Hacker Challenge! Each week, we issue a new challenge. You get until Sunday to prepare your submission and send it to us. That gives you a few day...Browse 648 incredible Black Hat Hacker vectors, icons, clipart graphics, and backgrounds for royalty-free download from the creative contributors at Vecteezy!A black hat hacker is typically one that engages in cybercrime operations and uses hacking for financial gain, cyber espionage purposes or other malicious motives, like implanting …Black hat hackers are the bad guys—the cyber criminals. The white hat or ethical hackers are the good guys, while grey hat hackers are somewhere in the middle. Other common hacker types include blue hat hackers, which are amateur hackers who carry out malicious acts like revenge attacks, red hat hackers, who search for black hat hackers to ...by Max Eddy. Aug 04, 2023. Every summer, hackers and researchers from around the world brave the broiling Las Vegas heat, coming together for the hacking extravaganza known as Black Hat. This is the opportunity for academics and professional testers to wow their colleagues by showcasing the vulnerabilities they’ve discovered or new protection ...Dec 10, 2020 · Different Types of Hackers: The 6 Hats Explained. in Cyber Security. ( 72 votes, average: 4.76 out of 5) Black hat, white hat, grey hat, red hat, blue hat, and green hat. No, these aren’t items in an apparel store’s catalog — they’re the different types of hackers you’ll find in the cybersecurity industry. The term “hacker” is ... This Slack thread was auto-created from Hacker Noon's #slogging-beta channel, and has been edited for readability. Stay tuned to learn more about slogging in the upcoming weeks. Re...Computing. Black hat (computer security), a computer hacker who violates laws or typical ethical standards for nefarious purposes Black Hat Briefings, a security conference; Arts, entertainment and media. Blackhat, a 2015 film; Black hat, part of black and white hat symbolism in film; Black Hat, a character in the television series Villainous; Other uses. …The 2021 China White Hat Report by Freebuf, a cybersecurity forum, and research by internet security companies 360 and QAX offer some insights into the makeup of these mysterious hackers. The data shows that China had more than 170,000 white hat hackers in 2021. Almost 95% were born between 1990 and 2009, and men account for …Crocheting is not only a relaxing hobby, but it’s also a fantastic way to unleash your creativity. The classic beanie hat is a timeless design that never goes out of style. It’s ve...Jan 5, 2024 · Learn more. A black hat hacker breaks into a computer system or network primarily for personal or financial gain. They sometimes also upload malware to encrypt the system, overwhelm servers and delete or steal sensitive data. In simple terms, black hats look for and exploit vulnerabilities in computer infrastructure with malicious intent. Black hat hacker example. One of the most famous black hat hackers is Kevin Mitnick, who, at one point, was the most wanted cybercriminal in the world. As a black hat hacker, he hacked into over 40 major corporations, including IBM and Motorola, and even the US National Defense warning system. He was subsequently arrested and served time in jail.Black Hat Hacking: Often the type that springs to mind when someone mentions hacking. These are the bad actors of the cyber world, engaging in illegal activities with malicious intent. From data theft to system disruption, their actions are unauthorized and harmful. TV shows like Mr Robot might make this look cool, but this is not …Feb 3, 2023 · Despite there being huge growth in ethical hacking and prosperous career opportunities in this area, black hat hacking continues to attract young people due to their fascination with risky online ... A white hat (or a white-hat hacker, a whitehat) is an ethical security hacker. Ethical hacking is a term meant to imply a broader category than just penetration testing. Under the owner's consent, white-hat hackers aim to identify any vulnerabilities or security issues the current system has. The white hat is contrasted with the black hat, a malicious hacker; this definitional dichotomy …Los black hat hackers son los que más se acercan a la imagen típica de un hacker: un turbio profesional de la informática que explota los puntos débiles de un sistema sin importarle las pérdidas. Sin embargo, la especificación “black hat hackers” ya sugiere que no hay un solo tipo de hacker. El término les distingue de los “white ...Black hat hackers are malicious, lacking both good intentions and the consent of their targets. These individuals are what the term hacker means in the popular imagination. They break into IT …Black hat hackers operate with malicious intent. That said, there is a large grey area populated by political activists and hackers who wear both hats. Hacking costs companies and consumers trillions of dollars every year. According to CPO Magazine, by 2021, hacking attacks will cost a total $6 trillion, up from $2 trillion in losses reported ...REvil is another famous black hat hacker group in the RaaS playing field. Originating in Russia in 2019, this group encrypts files and information and hacks into systems, demanding a ransom payment in exchange for information. REvil’s most active year was 2021 — it accounted for 37% of ransomware attacks in 2021 according to IBM Security.Black hat hacker example. One of the most famous black hat hackers is Kevin Mitnick, who, at one point, was the most wanted cybercriminal in the world. As a black hat hacker, he hacked into over 40 major corporations, including IBM and Motorola, and even the US National Defense warning system. He was subsequently arrested and served time in jail.Black hat hacker example. One of the most famous black hat hackers is Kevin Mitnick, who, at one point, was the most wanted cybercriminal in the world. As a black hat hacker, he hacked into over 40 major corporations, including IBM and Motorola, and even the US National Defense warning system. He was subsequently arrested and served time in jail.Learn from industry experts how to hack and defend various systems and applications at Black Hat Trainings. Earn CPE credits and digital certificates for attending two-day or …Aug 5, 2023 · Welcome to Black Hat USA 2023. To register for Black Hat USA 2024, click here. Now in its 26 th year, Black Hat USA returns to the Mandalay Bay Convention Center in Las Vegas with a 6-day program. The event will open with four days of specialized cybersecurity Trainings (August 5-10), with courses for all skill levels. iOS Malware cybersecurity · Medmag · Thread · Jan 19, 2024 · blackhack blackhat computer science cyber crime cybersecurity hacker hacking · Repli...Black hat hackers are the ones most closely associated with the commonly held view of hackers: a shady computer expert using the weaknesses in a system to cause damage. The name black hat, however, serves to distinguish this type of hacker from other types of hackers. They are different from white hat hackers and grey hat hackers.The difference between white hat, black hat, and grey hat hacking. White hat and black hat hackers represent the two extremes of computer security professionals. White hats are ethical individuals who work to protect organizations from malicious actors, while black hats are criminals who use their technical knowledge for nefarious ends.Black hat hackers are cybercriminals who orchestrate scams and exploit vulnerabilities with the intent to cause harm. The aim of black hat hackers is usually to …How to avoid getting hacked at Black Hat and Def Con · Don't connect to any public network. · Pass on the free USB dongles and CDs · Erase saved Wi-Fi netw...In Black Hat Python, the latest from Justin Seitz (author of the best-selling Gray Hat Python ), you’ll explore the darker side of Python’s capabilities—writing network sniffers, manipulating packets, infecting virtual machines, creating stealthy trojans, and more. You’ll learn how to: –Create a trojan command-and-control using GitHub.Nov 3, 2023 · Black hat hackers. Black hat hackers are cybercriminals that illegally crack systems with malicious intent. Seeking to gain unauthorized access to computer systems is the definition of black hat hacking. Once a black hat hacker finds a security vulnerability, they try to exploit it, often by implanting a virus or other type of malware such as a ... Black hat hackers are the ones most closely associated with the commonly held view of hackers: a shady computer expert using the weaknesses in a system to cause damage. The name black hat, however, serves to distinguish this type of hacker from other types of hackers. They are different from white hat hackers and grey hat hackers.A cracker is like a black hat hacker, but is specifically someone who is very skilled and tries via hacking to make profits or to benefit, not just to vandalize. Crackers find exploits for …Learn the difference between black hat, white hat, and gray hat hackers, who are categorized by their motives and methods of hacking. Find out how they use their skills for good or evil, and what they can do to …Jan 16, 2015 · Blackhat: Directed by Michael Mann. With Chris Hemsworth, Leehom Wang, Tang Wei, Viola Davis. A furloughed convict and his American and Chinese partners hunt a high-level cybercrime network from Chicago to Los Angeles to Hong Kong to Jakarta. Black Hat Hacker: Ziele und Vorgehensweise der kriminellen Hacker. Black Hats sind kriminelle Hacker, die Sicherheitslücken in Systemen zum eigenen Vorteil ausnutzen und so häufig großen Schaden anrichten. Ihre Motive und Vorgehensweisen sind dabei allerdings sehr unterschiedlich.Black hat hackers operate with malicious intent. That said, there is a large grey area populated by political activists and hackers who wear both hats. Hacking costs companies and consumers trillions of dollars every year. According to CPO Magazine, by 2021, hacking attacks will cost a total $6 trillion, up from $2 trillion in losses reported ...Security This Week: The Very Best Hacks From Black Hat and Defcon. All the best hacks from the year's biggest security conferences. Getty Images. As they do every …Tilley hats are renowned for their quality, durability, and timeless style. Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast, a traveler, or simply someone who appreciates a good hat, Tilley h...Become an ethical hacker that can hack computer systems like black hat hackers and secure them like security experts. Rating: 4.0 out of 5 4.0 (113 ratings) 17,143 studentsiOS Malware cybersecurity · Medmag · Thread · Jan 19, 2024 · blackhack blackhat computer science cyber crime cybersecurity hacker hacking · Repli...6 Hacker Hat Colours Explained. Date: 17 December 2021. Hacking and hackers are probably the number one concern for modern businesses and cybersecurity professionals today. This is because successful black hat hackers can cause widespread damage to business operations, profits and reputation. However, despite the fact that …Black hat hackers are criminal hackers who use security gaps within systems for their own gain and often cause a lot of damage. They are different from other … Black Hat Asia, April 16-19, 2024. Live event in Singapore. Register here. The Black Hat conference convening in Las Vegas next week offers hacker tools for all of those plus more. [LOOKING BACK:10 scariest hacks from Black Hat and Defcon QUIZ:Black Hat's most notorious ...Hire the best freelance Certified Ethical Hackers in India on Upwork™, the world’s top freelancing website. ... including all subdomains, black-box or white-box engagement, account requirements, preferred hours for load testing, and any other guidance required. Calls or meetings are available after the penetration test is completed to ...Black hat hacker example. One of the most famous black hat hackers is Kevin Mitnick, who, at one point, was the most wanted cybercriminal in the world. As a black hat hacker, he hacked into over 40 major corporations, including IBM and Motorola, and even the US National Defense warning system. He was subsequently arrested and served time in jail.A black hat hacker is a malicious cybercriminal who uses unethical and illegal methods to access, modify, or destroy data or systems. Learn how black hat hackers operate, what types of attacks they launch, and how … Black Hat SEO. Black Hat Search Engine Optimization — it’s what this forum is all about! Discuss ideas and methods to improve your site’s rankings using black hat SEO tactics, which focus more on search engine factors rather than following search engine guidelines. Threads. 133.9K. Black hat or Cracker Hackers with malicious intentions. They often steal, exploit, and sell data, and are usually motivated by personal gain. Their work is usually illegal. A cracker is like a black hat hacker, but is specifically someone who is very skilled and tries via hacking to make profits or to benefit, not just to vandalize. Crackers ...The Black Hat Trainings offer attendees deeply technical hands-on courses on topics ranging from broader offensive security to the latest in penetration testing, infrastructure hacking, mobile application security, analyzing automotive electrical systems, and everything in between. The Black Hat Trainings offer both novice and advanced ...Real hackers for hire. Malicious hackers are popular as black-hat hackers who are considered as cybercriminals. Black Hats maliciously misuses data and exploit with security flaws for personal or political or for or reason but to only create chaos. Professional hackers for hire in UK. Ethical hackers use their skills, methods, and techniques to ...In today’s digital age, online security has become more important than ever. With hackers constantly finding new ways to infiltrate personal accounts, it is crucial to stay one ste...Jun 21, 2023 · REvil is another famous black hat hacker group in the RaaS playing field. Originating in Russia in 2019, this group encrypts files and information and hacks into systems, demanding a ransom payment in exchange for information. REvil’s most active year was 2021 — it accounted for 37% of ransomware attacks in 2021 according to IBM Security. Black Hat: Top 20 hack-attack tools. News. Jul 19, 2013 9 mins. Cybercrime Security. Upcoming Black Hat conference is a goldmine of tips for hacking just about anything. Turn someone else’s ...Feb 3, 2024 · Black Hat hackers exploit vulnerabilities for personal gain, causing harm to individuals, organizations, and even nations. They are the villains of the cybersecurity narrative, using their skills ... Black hat hackers are the opposite of white hat hackers, who use hacking for cybersecurity and good. They use phishing, malware, or other forms of attacks to steal data or penetrate systems with …Additionally, Black Hat hackers may want to plant malware that spies on staff and customer activity. Although White Hat hackers operate as guns-for-hire, constantly testing a business' information infrastructure to ensure it remains free of threats, it's still essential for companies to employ all the right preventative measures. The Black Hat Approach to Hacking is a Computer skilled professional course where you learn all the basics of ethical hacking and countermeasures respectively. Learn the fundamentals of Ethical Hacking by enrolling in the Black Hat Approach to Hacking course. It helps you fully comprehend the technique by touching upon each and every concept in ... Black Hat Python - Free PDF Download - 195 Pages - Year: 2015 - Python - Read Online @ PDF Room. 📚 Categories ... White hat hacker vs black hat …March 2nd, 2022. There is a perception that black hat hackers are inherently criminal and unethical. However, there is a thin line between white and black hat hacking. And what constitutes as “black hat” behavior is subjective.Some would say that any hacker who uses their skills to break into networks or steal information without the owner’s consent is a black hat …Reach out to us for more information. Offensive Security Courses. Our courses are produced to give you a seamless experience and will show you how to engage in critical thinking by overcoming unforeseen obstacles while learning from a Red Team point of view which will involve your creativity and persistence to become a better Ethical Hacker.Top Hacks from Black Hat and DEF CON 2021. Hacker Summer Camp 2021 adopted a hybrid format this year, as the restrictions imposed by the ongoing coronavirus epidemic meant that the majority of participants to Black Hat and DEF CON tuned in online rather than turning up in Las Vegas. CATCH UP Black Hat 2021: Zero-days, ransoms, …Red hat hackers: Also known as vigilante hackers, red hat hackers also use their skills for good, doing whatever it takes to take down a threat actor, even if it means breaking a few rules. Gray hat hackers: As the name suggests, the morals of a gray hat hacker lie in a bit of an ethical gray area. While they usually aren’t malicious, gray ... The Black Hat Approach to Hacking is a Computer skilled professional course where you learn all the basics of ethical hacking and countermeasures respectively. Learn the fundamentals of Ethical Hacking by enrolling in the Black Hat Approach to Hacking course. It helps you fully comprehend the technique by touching upon each and every concept in ... Black Hat SEO. Black Hat Search Engine Optimization — it’s what this forum is all about! Discuss ideas and methods to improve your site’s rankings using black hat SEO tactics, which focus more on search engine factors rather than following search engine guidelines. Threads. 133.9K. But black hat hackers could definitely do harm by accessing your bank account credentials, deleting data, or adding a host of malicious programs. Phishing. Phone hackers have the advantage of many computer hacking techniques, which are easy to adapt to Androids. The Black Hat Approach to Hacking is a Computer skilled professional course where you learn all the basics of ethical hacking and countermeasures respectively. Learn the fundamentals of Ethical Hacking by enrolling in the Black Hat Approach to Hacking course. It helps you fully comprehend the technique by touching upon each and every concept in ... Black hats – malicious hackers whose primary motivation is collective, personal, or financial gain. These hackers may be amateurs, professional criminals, or nation-state or terrorist supported. Occasionally, they may also be insiders, employed, formerly employed, or affiliated with the victim. Black hats are generally associated with malware ...The gaming giant said the number of affected accounts increased as a result of its continuing investigation. Nintendo has almost doubled the number of user accounts compromised by ...Black Hat Spring Trainings 2024. March 12-15, 2024 Walter E Washington Convention Center, Washington D.C. View the event site. Black Hat Asia 2024. April 16-19, 2024 Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. Briefings Call for Papers: Oct 17-Dec 22 Arsenal …17 Dec 2020 ... A black hat hacker more closely resembles the stereotypical media portrayals of hackers — but they don't necessarily wear hoodies or live in ...Οι όροι black/white/gray hats αφορούν ομάδες των hacker ανάλογα με τις ηθικές τους αρχές. Ο όρος black hats χαρακτηρίζει τα άτομα εκείνα που έχουν υψηλή ειδίκευση στους υπολογιστές, τα οποία όμως ...Additionally, Black Hat hackers may want to plant malware that spies on staff and customer activity. Although White Hat hackers operate as guns-for-hire, constantly testing a business' information infrastructure to ensure it remains free of threats, it's still essential for companies to employ all the right preventative measures.Black hat hackers have the same skills as white hat hackers but use them for the wrong purposes. They are called cybercriminals who break into the systems with criminal or malicious intent. Black hat hackers have advanced skill sets to carry out possible attacks. They search for security vulnerabilities and loopholes to carry out the attacks to ...Comparitech researchers collected more than 100 listings from 12 hacking services to find out how much these mostly illegal services cost, and which seem to be in highest demand. Many of the websites we examined have similar a la carte menus for various black hat services on offer. Prices listed in USD, converted from BTC.When it comes to outdoor activities in Canada, having the right gear is essential. One accessory that should never be overlooked is a quality hat. And when it comes to hats, Tilley...The other kind of tool is used to hack WEP/WPA keys. These are the popular tools used for wireless password cracking and network troubleshooting. 1. Aircrack-ng. Aircrack-ng is one of the most popular wireless password cracking tools that you can use for 802.11a/b/g WEP and WPA cracking.Gaming has become an increasingly popular pastime over the years, with millions of people worldwide now enjoying the thrill of competing in virtual worlds. Before we dive into how ...5:25. Two of the most notorious ransomware gangs in the world are imploding, leaving high-profile victims in their wake and creating chaos in the cybercriminal …Jul 30, 2017 · On Wednesday, FBI Cyber Division Unit Chief Tom Grasso gave a Black Hat audience details of the December Avalanche takedown orchestrated by a group of international law enforcement agencies. It ... Apr 14, 2022 · So demographics play a really important role – I would say that seven in ten black-hat hackers are violent in nature. If they have committed cybercrime, they have also committed some sort of other crime, it can be fighting with somebody or just going to jail for maybe anything.”. Bojan Simic, a white-hat hacker who works for multifactor ... Black Hat Asia will be a Live, In-Person Event in Singapore, April 16-19, followed one week later by a Virtual Experience including recordings of all Briefings and Sponsored Sessions, available April 25. ... Black Hat Trainings are taught by specialists, for offensive and defensive hackers of all levels. View Trainings. Briefings. Thurs, April ...Jun 28, 2023 · Also known as threat actors, black hat hackers are the stereotypical cybercriminals who attempt to break into personal devices and networks using ransomware, spyware, phishing techniques, and other methods. The objective of black hat hacking is often to collect sensitive data to exploit or sell for profit. You may recall hearing about the NBA ... "White hat" hacking is a situation in which someone uses a computer to improve computer security. "Black hat" hacking is the seedier Hollywood side of the coin. It's name given to efforts to ...Learn the difference between black hat, white hat, and gray hat hackers, who are criminals, ethical hackers, and security experts. Find out how they work, what motivates them, and what challenges they face. See examples of …Red hat hackers: Also known as vigilante hackers, red hat hackers also use their skills for good, doing whatever it takes to take down a threat actor, even if it means breaking a few rules. Gray hat hackers: As the name suggests, the morals of a gray hat hacker lie in a bit of an ethical gray area. While they usually aren’t malicious, gray ... | Ccqctjvknu (article) | Mechuc.