Frockflicks

The “cutaway” front, which closes at the neckline and then slopes away towards the waist: Gallerie des Modes et Costumes Français. 12e. Cahier des Costumes Français, 6e Suite d’Habillemens à la mode en 1778. M.71 “Demoiselle en Polonoise unie en Buras…” 1778. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. That’s likely a …Even More Frock Flicks. SNARK WEEK: Trystan’s Favorite Snark Week Memes. January 26, 2024 5 108 . SNARK WEEK: Fine, I’ll Review Queens (2016-17) January 26, 2024 5 114 . SNARK WEEK RECAP: The King’s Favorite aka Diane de Poitiers (2022), Ep. 2, Pt. 3. January 26, 2024 12 109 ...frockflicks.com. Queen Marie Antoinette in Movies & TV: the Frock Flicks Guide. Few historical persons, real or fictional, have inspired as much pop culture as 18th-century French queen Marie Antoinette. Possibly Anne Boleyn could give her a run for her money, but Marie Antoin ...Anne Boleyn (2021) Trystan L. Bass April 19, 2022. 7 297. Everyone has fixated on one thing about this three-part miniseries Anne Boleyn (2021) — that Jodie Turner-Smith in the title role is Black and the historical figure she portrays is not. But I’m pretty sure that folks complaining about that haven’t watched the …Dec 14, 2018 · The Frock Flicks Team December 14, 2018. 23 378. As we mentioned in our podcast about The Favourite (2018), costume designer Sandy Powell has done a ton of press about this film, so here are some of the details we referred to…. Sandy Powell in Awards Daily, “ Costume Designer Sandy Powell on Creating the Monochromatic Look of The Favourite ”. Support Frock Flicks with a small donation!During Snark Week and beyond, we’re grateful for your small, one-time contributions via PayPal or monthly pledges for exclusive content via Patreon to offset the costs of running this site. You can even buy our T-shirts and swag.Think of this like supporting public broadcasting, but with tons of …Sarah Lorraine March 10, 2022. 8 118. Everything Taika Waititi touches seems to turn to gold, and this time he’s turned his touch to the Golden Age of Piracy in the new series Our Flag Means Death (2022). The first three episodes dropped last week on HBO Max and the fourth is set to come out today, with new episodes debuting …I Didn’t Hate Delicious (2021) Kendra October 25, 2023. 11 611. … as much as these stills made me think I would. Delicious (2021) is another 18th-century-set film I’ve been putting off because despite it being French (+1) and 18th century (+1), it’s got these costumes: Okay, so we’re casual country folk, but what’s with …The Ugly Costumes in The Slipper and the Rose. The historical mullets on Prince Edward and his sidekick, John. “And I raaaan, I ran so far awaaaayyyy…”. Ah, the classic “stick a weft of hair to the back of a guy’s head and put a bow on it” approach to 18th-century hair. But the guys weren’t the only ones with unfortunate hair….Apr 2, 2020 · Iconic Historical Movie Costumes of the 1930s. Sarah Lorraine April 2, 2020. 44 94. This is an occasional series highlighting historical movie and TV costumes that best represent the decade they were produced in. They may or may not be the most historically accurate, but we think these costumes stand out as icons of when they were made. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the arti...Kendra January 26, 2024. 3 125. Support Frock Flicks with a small donation! During Snark Week and beyond, we’re grateful for your monthly pledges for exclusive content via Patreon or your one-time contributions via Ko-fi or PayPal to offset the costs of running this site. You can even buy our T-shirts and merch.Netflix has a new version of a classic frock flick novel out, and they didn’t fuck it up quite as much this year’s Persuasion.The 2022 edition of Lady Chatterley’s Lover actually uses some of D. H. Lawrence’s prose and doesn’t overly modernize the whole thing. Oh there’s some modern fashions that are slipped in, and I’ll get to that.Jan 23, 2023 · Support Frock Flicks with a small donation! During Snark Week and beyond, we’re grateful for your monthly pledges for exclusive content via Patreon or your one-time contributions via Ko-fi or PayPal to offset the costs of running this site. You can even buy our T-shirts and merch. Think of this like supporting public broadcasting, but with ... Top 5 Random Thoughts on The Serpent Queen. Kendra February 16, 2024. 10 337. I was sewing like a demon for Venice carnival, which has just ended (sob) — and that meant I needed to binge TV shows like whoa. So I watched some things that had already been reviewed for the blog and that included The Serpent Queen (2022)!Isabelle Neville’s wardrobe was clearly raided from some high school theater department, and Anne’s isn’t much better. Isabelle (left) and Anne (right) Margaret Beaufort wears a lot of simple, high necked clothes — …Feb 19, 2024 · Even More Frock Flicks. WCW: Fiona Shaw. February 21, 2024 7 107 . Funny Woman (2023) February 20, 2024 173 . Happy Presidents Day From Frock Flicks ... Trystan L. Bass August 12, 2016. 23 583. Easily one of the top 10 — top 5? — ever historical costume movies for the bustle era, The Age of Innocence (1993) was directed by Martin Scorsese and won the Best Costume Design Oscar that year, thanks to the work of Gabriella Pescucci. The performances by Daniel Day-Lewis as Newland Archer, Winona ...Kendra August 31, 2021. 50 42. I am thoroughly enjoying the new BBC documentary, The Boleyns: A Scandalous Family (2021). I’m a huge documentary nerd, and I loves me some six wives of Henry VIII! Even if I am Team Catherine of Aragon, I find all the wives — and the court in general — fascinating. And, people, I’M BORED.Jan 27, 2017 · 6. Blue War Paint. This tops my list of “Most Punchable Faces in Cinematic History.”. I could write an entire paper about the ways Braveheart appropriates the stereotype of the “noble savage,” and at the top of the list would be the blue woad face paint that Wallace and his army slather on themselves prior to battle. This is Hamilton’s life, but the truism of “who lives, who dies, who tells your story” is evident in the first scene and hinted at with this first costume. Burr lives, and he tells the story up until the very end. Burr is also the first male character to switch from a 1770s frock coat to an 1800s-ish high-waisted coat right after the war ...6. Blue War Paint. This tops my list of “Most Punchable Faces in Cinematic History.”. I could write an entire paper about the ways Braveheart appropriates the stereotype of the “noble savage,” and at the top of the list would be the blue woad face paint that Wallace and his army slather on themselves prior to battle.If you were female and born between the years of the late 1960s and early 1980s, you probably remember the film, Lady Jane.Helena Bonham Carter and Cary Elwes star in the screen adaptation of the last year or so of the life of Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days Queen of England.And if you were teenage me, in particular, …The Frock Flicks Team December 5, 2014 . 9 1275 . This version of Little Women gets it nearly perfect, from a script that stays close to the Louisa May Alcott book to beautifully accurate costumes designed by Colleen Atwood. We discuss costumes, characterizations, casting, and a little bit of Transcendentalism and feminist theory.Having your debit card number stolen can be devastating. When your credit card gets compromised, you might not be able to charge and you may lose access to the account for a while....What is this whole Frock Flicks thing about? We are a blog and a podcast that reviews movies and TV shows set in mostly pre-1960s eras, primarily looking at the costume …6. Blue War Paint. This tops my list of “Most Punchable Faces in Cinematic History.”. I could write an entire paper about the ways Braveheart appropriates the stereotype of the “noble savage,” and at the top of the list would be the blue woad face paint that Wallace and his army slather on themselves prior to battle.You've got a day in NYC? Here's a quick guide to help you navigate the big smoke. Editor’s note: These spots are all taken directly from travelstoke®, a new app from Matador that c...Oct 22 2014 48 mins. Over the top costumes, weird casting choices, and baby eating, all in time for Halloween! More Episodes. Listen to Frock Flicks - Costume Movie …1997 Titanic corset – Vogue magazine comparison. Corsets of 1912 indeed went low over the hip to smooth out the line, as fashions were fitted and relatively sheath-like. But what they DIDN’T do is cover the bust! In the late 1900s/early 1910s, corsets generally came up just under the bust. Their goal was to smooth out the line of the hip ...There are frock flicks that simply do not care about historically accurate clothing, such as Reign (2013-17). It’s a choice they made for the entire show. Then, there are flicks like The Tudors (2007-10) or Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) that purport to care about history but want to push a certain agenda (“history is sexy!” “history is modern and …The Frock Flicks Team September 12, 2017. 29 251. Frock Flicks note: This is a guest post by our friend Allison Skewes, known as Aleit Pietersdochter in the Society for Creative Anachronism, where she studies material culture of Low Countries and Germany in the 16th century. She was first out the door to see …Frock Flick Influencer. $10. / month. You get exclusive content! About once a month, we publish an in-depth post with lots of images & research. While we sometimes miss a …I Didn’t Hate Delicious (2021) Kendra October 25, 2023. 11 611. … as much as these stills made me think I would. Delicious (2021) is another 18th-century-set film I’ve been putting off because despite it being French (+1) and 18th century (+1), it’s got these costumes: Okay, so we’re casual country folk, but what’s with …I Didn’t Hate Delicious (2021) Kendra October 25, 2023. 11 611. … as much as these stills made me think I would. Delicious (2021) is another 18th-century-set film I’ve been putting off because despite it being French (+1) and 18th century (+1), it’s got these costumes: Okay, so we’re casual country folk, but what’s with …If you were female and born between the years of the late 1960s and early 1980s, you probably remember the film, Lady Jane.Helena Bonham Carter and Cary Elwes star in the screen adaptation of the last year or so of the life of Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days Queen of England.And if you were teenage me, in particular, … Frock Flick Influencer. $10. / month. You get exclusive content! About once a month, we publish an in-depth post with lots of images & research. While we sometimes miss a month, you'll get a minimum of 10 posts per year. Plus, we may add extra behind-the-scenes posts. For example, we might share about what's coming up on the our editorial calendar! Trystan L. Bass November 2, 2021. 9 154. Phyllis Dalton has retired from designing costumes for movies and TV, and she leaves a long, varied resume that features plenty of frock flicks you may remember. In 2002, she was awarded the Member of the Order of the British Empire for her services to the film industry, and in 2012, BAFTA held a tribute ...Jul 10, 2023 · Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story (2023) Trystan L. Bass May 15, 2023 6 565. The Bridgerton stories takes a jump back in time (mostly) and instead of showing... Frock Flicks Guide. Anne Boleyn, c. 1550, Hever Castle. When she returned to the English court around 1522, Anne became a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine (of Aragon). She was known for her wit, French mannerisms, and intellect, and was considered unconventionally attractive. Henry fell in love (or as close as Henry could get) with her, but she resisted his ...We Interrupt This Blog For Loki “1893”. Sarah Lorraine October 26, 2023. 10 444. You know me and how much I love merging my superhero fixation with my historical costume fixation, so when the latest episode of Loki (2021-) came out last Thursday, I saw yet another golden opportunity to do just that!Aug 27, 2020 · The basic gist of the story is that, in February 1929, two jazz band musicians Joe (Tony Curtis) and Jerry (Jack Lemmon) accidentally witness a mob murder (modeled on the St. Valentine’s Day massacre) and need to skip town. They disguise themselves as women called Josephine and Daphne so they can join an all-women band that’s headed by ... Trystan L. Bass January 24, 2022. 45 291. Support Frock Flicks with a small donation! During Snark Week and beyond, we’re grateful for your monthly pledges for exclusive content via Patreon or your one-time contributions via Ko-fi or PayPal to offset the costs of running this site. You can even buy our T-shirts and merch.Dangerous Liaisons (1988) is one of the best 18th century-set films, particularly from a costume design/historical accuracy perspective (although the story, acting, script, set …The stiff, unyielding period clothes in the film don’t at once appear to invite the sexual frollicking that forms the basis of the plot, but Acheson feels that the erotic frisson lies with the clothes’ bondage-like appeal – difficult to get into, and even harder to get out of. ‘That’s the excitement,’ he says.Feb 19, 2024 · Even More Frock Flicks. WCW: Fiona Shaw. February 21, 2024 7 107 . Funny Woman (2023) February 20, 2024 173 . Happy Presidents Day From Frock Flicks ... Jul 13, 2020 · This is Hamilton’s life, but the truism of “who lives, who dies, who tells your story” is evident in the first scene and hinted at with this first costume. Burr lives, and he tells the story up until the very end. Burr is also the first male character to switch from a 1770s frock coat to an 1800s-ish high-waisted coat right after the war ... DISCLAIMER: Frock Flicks claims no credit for images featured on this site unless noted. Visual content is copyrighted to its respective owners, and inclusion here is under fair use for criticism, comment, and news reporting purposes. If you own the rights to content here and wish it removed, please contact us.Oct 14, 2020 · Portrait of Queen Mary I of England after Hans Eworth, 1550s, via Wikimedia Commons. I always wonder what might have been had her father not been a dick, had she married at a younger age, and just generally had a happier life. She’s also England’s first queen regnant, and that’s pretty darn significant. Let’s take a look at Mary Tudor ... Frock Flick Influencer. $10. / month. You get exclusive content! About once a month, we publish an in-depth post with lots of images & research. While we sometimes miss a month, you'll get a minimum of 10 posts per year. Plus, we may add extra behind-the-scenes posts. For example, we might share about what's coming up on the our editorial calendar! The Frock Flicks Team December 5, 2014 . 9 1275 . This version of Little Women gets it nearly perfect, from a script that stays close to the Louisa May Alcott book to beautifully accurate costumes designed by Colleen Atwood. We discuss costumes, characterizations, casting, and a little bit of Transcendentalism and feminist theory.The 1995 adaptation of Jane Austen‘s Sense and Sensibility is, for me, one of the ultimate frock flicks. It’s one of a spate of films from the 1990s that made a strong attempt to achieve period accuracy. Its screenplay was thoughtfully adapted by Emma Thompson, and it was directed with care by Ang Lee.The performances — by Thompson, …Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine Over the past two years, the need for a more defined clinical leadership infrastru...Oct 14, 2020 · Portrait of Queen Mary I of England after Hans Eworth, 1550s, via Wikimedia Commons. I always wonder what might have been had her father not been a dick, had she married at a younger age, and just generally had a happier life. She’s also England’s first queen regnant, and that’s pretty darn significant. Let’s take a look at Mary Tudor ... Frock Flicks Guide; Frock Flicks POV; Trailers & Previews; Tangential but Interesting! Upcoming Movies & TV; Podcasts. Collect Them AllInvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips GameStop (NYSE:GME) stock is a hot topic among traders on Tuesday as they ... InvestorPlace - Stock Market N...In crowded cities, it's important to know where you can escape to for a breath of fresh air. These are the best parks in Mexico City. Mexico City is becoming one of the greenest ci...In both the book and the glorious 1995 adaption of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the character of Elizabeth Bennet is the traditional heroine. She’s smart, witty, plucky, attractive, and, of course, the story revolves around her “prejudice” against her eventual love interest, Mr. Darcy, and his “pride,” and the …Trystan L. Bass February 9, 2023. 6 255. We’ve mentioned some of the best bustles in this movie, but it’s time for a proper deep-dive. Because The Age of Innocence (1993) is a classic frock flick, absolutely gorgeous and filled with historical detail. The story is pretty depressing but then, it’s based on an 1920 Edith Wharton novel where ...Electric heating systems are an important climate change solution, but can strain the grid. Why did the Texas electric grid crash from a winter storm that would have been unremarka...4 days ago · More Frock Flicks Tags: 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s bouffants Cillian Murphy Ellen Mirojnick Emily Blunt Feud: Capote vs. The Swans (2024) hats aren't just for losers inspired by a true story Jacqueline West Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) Leah Katznelson Lou Eyrich Marci Rodgers Native American Oppenheimer (2023) Priscilla (2023 ... Jan 5, 2017 · The Ugly Costumes in The Slipper and the Rose. The historical mullets on Prince Edward and his sidekick, John. “And I raaaan, I ran so far awaaaayyyy…”. Ah, the classic “stick a weft of hair to the back of a guy’s head and put a bow on it” approach to 18th-century hair. But the guys weren’t the only ones with unfortunate hair…. Sep 4, 2015 · The good fairies take Aurora off to their cottage in the woods to keep her away from Maleficent and spindles and SIN and TEMPTATION and STUFF. They raise her to think she is a simple country maiden. She grows up to be all pretty ‘n stuff (because this is Disney) and spends her time hanging with the forest critters. Kendra July 17, 2019. 16 303. Joanna of Castile, aka Juana la loca, was Queen of Castile (in central Spain) from 1504 and Aragon (ditto) from 1516. She became heir to the thrones of her parents, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, after the deaths of her elder brother and sister. She married Philip “the Handsome,” Archduke, Duke of ...The story opens in 1912 New Orleans, in the very pink and princessy bedroom of little Charlotte “Lottie” La Bouff, a spoiled rich blonde girl who is literally dressed as a poufy pink princess. She even has Disney princess dolls. Lottie, the blonde white girl, is in her princess drag, while Tiana wears a contemporary 1910s little girl dress ...Interview With the Vampire (2022) – Recap Episodes 1 & 2. Trystan L. Bass October 11, 2022. 17 790. As Frock Flicks’ resident ElderGoth, I’m contractually required to watch the new AMC series adaption of Anne Rice’s Interview With the Vampire (2022-). So I’m dragging y’all along with me every …Wherever you are on your financial journey, here are six cards to help build (or rebuild) your credit profile. Update: Some offers mentioned below are no longer available. View the...Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine Over the past two years, the need for a more defined clinical leadership infrastru...Frock Flicks note: This is a guest post by Deb Fuller. She’s a horse-crazy independent costume historian in the Washington, DC, area. She started riding at 9 and hasn’t stopped, nearly 40 years later. Sidesaddle, where to start? Like all things historical, sidesaddle riding on the screen is often inaccurate or used for effect.Oct 22 2014 48 mins. Over the top costumes, weird casting choices, and baby eating, all in time for Halloween! More Episodes. Listen to Frock Flicks - Costume Movie …Frock Flicks note: This is a guest post by Deb Fuller. She’s a horse-crazy independent costume historian in the Washington, DC, area. She started riding at 9 and hasn’t stopped, nearly 40 years later. Sidesaddle, where to start? Like all things historical, sidesaddle riding on the screen is often inaccurate or used for effect.The Frock Flicks Team August 10, 2020. 28 607. One of the most popular historical eras to set TV shows and films is the 16th century in the courts of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, and Mary Queen of Scots. Yet the costuming can range from OMG WTFrock?!?! terrible to gorgeous reproductions of period portraits.Frock Flicks note: This is a guest post by our friend Yosa Addiss. After... Read More. Nineteenth Century Outsourced Sanditon (2019) Recaps – Episode 6. The Frock Flicks Team March 31, 2020 25 89 . Frock Flicks note: This is a guest post by our friend Yosa Addiss. ...The Frock Flicks Team March 21, 2016 . 10 151 . We take on the modern classic of 18th-century historical costume film, Dangerous Liaisons, starring the wickedly good Glenn Close as a marquise out for retribution and a disturbingly sexy John Malkovich as a vicomte who’s happy to help in her amoral escapades. James Acheson won a well …If you were female and born between the years of the late 1960s and early 1980s, you probably remember the film, Lady Jane.Helena Bonham Carter and Cary Elwes star in the screen adaptation of the last year or so of the life of Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days Queen of England.And if you were teenage me, in particular, …20 232. Historical costumier Ninya Mikhaila and fashion historian Amber Butchart tackle some of the most iconic historical costumes in history in the BBC documentary series A Stitch in Time, which recently aired in the U.K. Assisted by Harriet Waterhouse and Hanna Marples, Ninya demonstrates the process of recreating the …Trystan L. Bass February 9, 2023. 6 255. We’ve mentioned some of the best bustles in this movie, but it’s time for a proper deep-dive. Because The Age of Innocence (1993) is a classic frock flick, absolutely gorgeous and filled with historical detail. The story is pretty depressing but then, it’s based on an 1920 Edith Wharton novel where ...Anne Boleyn (2021) Trystan L. Bass April 19, 2022. 7 297. Everyone has fixated on one thing about this three-part miniseries Anne Boleyn (2021) — that Jodie Turner-Smith in the title role is Black and the historical figure she portrays is not. But I’m pretty sure that folks complaining about that haven’t watched the …frockflicks.com. Queen Marie Antoinette in Movies & TV: the Frock Flicks Guide. Few historical persons, real or fictional, have inspired as much pop culture as 18th-century French queen Marie Antoinette. Possibly Anne Boleyn could give her a run for her money, but Marie Antoin ... Top 5 Single Ladies in Frock Flicks. February 9, 2024 165 . TBT: Ripper Street (2012-16) February 8, 2024 21 . WCW: Ruth Negga. February 7 ... Oct 25, 2023 · I Didn’t Hate Delicious (2021) Kendra October 25, 2023. 11 611. … as much as these stills made me think I would. Delicious (2021) is another 18th-century-set film I’ve been putting off because despite it being French (+1) and 18th century (+1), it’s got these costumes: Okay, so we’re casual country folk, but what’s with her ... Frock Flicks provides examples of the following tropes:. Anachronism Stew: Frequently observed in the productions they review.; Berserk Button: Quite a few, including:. The Great Bobby Pin Shortage, in which women are depicted with their hair down in times when that would not have been acceptable.; Women hiking up their skirts unnecessarily. Men …Costumes in Shogun (2024), Episodes 1 and 2. The Frock Flicks Team March 7, 2024. 9 138. Frock Flicks note: This is a guest post by Lisa Joseph, who’s been a Japanese history nerd for two decades. Known as Saionji no Hana in the Society for Creative Anachronism, she was elevated to the Order of the Laurel for …Costumes in Shogun (2024), Episodes 1 and 2. The Frock Flicks Team March 7, 2024. 9 138. Frock Flicks note: This is a guest post by Lisa Joseph, who’s been a Japanese history nerd for two decades. Known as Saionji no Hana in the Society for Creative Anachronism, she was elevated to the Order of the Laurel for …The 1995 adaptation of Jane Austen‘s Sense and Sensibility is, for me, one of the ultimate frock flicks. It’s one of a spate of films from the 1990s that made a strong attempt to achieve period accuracy. Its screenplay was thoughtfully adapted by Emma Thompson, and it was directed with care by Ang Lee.The performances — by Thompson, …See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand! / O, that I were a glove upon that hand, / That I might touch that cheek! Come, come with me, and we will make short work; / For, by your leaves, you shall not stay alone / Till holy church incorporate two in one. Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day / Stands …For older and/or more obscure flicks, you’re going to have to hunt, that’s just the way it is. OK, now where to watch…. 1. Google That Frock Flick! Meaning, go to your …Persuasion (2022): For Those Who Hate Jane Austen. Trystan L. Bass July 18, 2022. 70 542. As the literary purist here at Frock Flicks, I fell on the grenade that is the Netflix …You've got a day in NYC? Here's a quick guide to help you navigate the big smoke. Editor’s note: These spots are all taken directly from travelstoke®, a new app from Matador that c...Effie White. This fictional character was actually the first I thought of for a top five single ladies in frock flicks, even though the movie Dreamgirls (2006) skirts our historical time period since it starts in 1962 but ends in 1975. Because Jennifer Hudson is fucking ON FIRE in this role and really goes the gamut from wanting to be with a ...Jan 27, 2017 · 6. Blue War Paint. This tops my list of “Most Punchable Faces in Cinematic History.”. I could write an entire paper about the ways Braveheart appropriates the stereotype of the “noble savage,” and at the top of the list would be the blue woad face paint that Wallace and his army slather on themselves prior to battle. 18th Century Quest: The Libertine (2000) Kendra June 14, 2023. The Libertine (2000) is a French comedy movie about Denis Diderot, 18th-century writer of... Jeanne du Barry (2023) video review. Eighteenth Century.The plot is set in 1927 and centers around Bella Ainsworth ( Natascha McElhone) who runs a poshy resort in the Italian Riviera (the eponymous Hotel Portofino), while her estranged husband is busy making all kinds of shady business decisions back in London while screwing around on her. Bella’s adult son and daughter join her in Portofino ...Electric heating systems are an important climate change solution, but can strain the grid. Why did the Texas electric grid crash from a winter storm that would have been unremarka... | Cjeqbvyf (article) | Mvtcytc.